neutralize acid spills using sodium bicarbonate true or false neutralize acid spills using sodium bicarbonate true or false

Sodium bicarbonate, commonly known as baking soda, is secreted in the pancreas to help aid in digestion. List the potential acute health effects. Because flammable liquids will probably be incinerated, avoid using inert absorbents such as cat litter. There are two types of acids: mineral (inorganic) acidssuch as sulfuric, hydrochloric, or nitricand carboxylic (organic) acids such as formic or acetic. Decomposition and pH are two common chemical properties of sodium bicarbonate. (Sorry for all the questions but I feel like it'll be so beneficial for me to understand). What happens to atoms during chemical reaction? Communicate these procedures to all individuals who use chemicals or who might assist during spill cleanup. laboratories. Products for Acid and Base Neutralization. Professor Parsons, BMGT 364 Planning the SWOT Analysis of Silver Airways, Module One Short Answer - Information Literacy, Time Value of Money Practice Problems and Solutions, Philippine Politics and Governance W1 _ Grade 11/12 Modules SY. neutralize acid spills using sodium bicarbonate true or false 18 Apr neutralize acid spills using sodium bicarbonate true or false Posted at 04:19h in real estate tech news by primo ve release notes 2022 Finally, regularly inspect all materials and equipment to ensure that they will function properly when needed. ACS Fall 2023 Call for Abstracts, Launch and grow your career with career services and resources. DO NOT use a regular vacuum cleaner, because you will only disperse toxic vapors into the air and contaminate your vacuum cleaner. In some cases, these reactions release gas and heat as well. There are two protons on H2SO4 that need to be neutralized. All spills are different; this guide cannot give definitive guidance on how to handle every one. When working with acids, always _____ to avoid chemical splattering. Volatile substances may be removed by evaporation together with washing and rinsing. The products of the reaction are a salt and water. unconditionally accept full and complete responsibility for any and all liability related to my Chronic bronchitis When using a neutralizing spill kit, the kits are buffered and will not have a bubbling action. which statement is not true of affirmative action? Diluted sulfuric acid with a concentration of 50% or lower can be more easily handled. running water. A common substancethat can be used to neutralize a spilled acid is sodium bicarbonate (baking soda). Before using any chemicals, you should evaluate the consequences of potential spills and develop appropriate response procedures. 2. American Association of Chemistry Teachers, Reactions: Chemistry Science Videos & Infographics. What are the dangers of drinking baking soda? Data Table 3: Part 1 and Part 2 of the Safety Contract. Spill pillows or similar absorbent material usually work best because they do not have the dust associated with cat litter, vermiculite, or corn cobs. Remove all potential sources of ignition. For many reasons explained in this booklet, people have become more cautious when responding to laboratory spills. Although few laboratories have sufficient quantities of hazardous chemicals to be subjected to these requirements, preplanning can help avoid miscommunication with local emergency responders. Some chemical releases may result in health hazards such as fires or explosions. Soda ash is also sold as "pH Up" or "pH Increaser". FEEDBACK All chemical hazardous wastes have an RQ of one pound. Why is a weak base more able to deprotonate a strong acid than a weak acid? If you do not have access to NaOH, something like sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) will also neutralize citric acid well. Douse the entire affected area with the baking soda (sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3) to neutralize the acid. If this is correct then it takes one part of sodium bicarbonate to neutralize one part of nitric acid. Spill pillows are not as messy as other absorbents, but they are more expensive. So the amount of bicarbonate you need is 42 pounds times the molecular weight of bicarbonate divided . I would like to ask, for me it appears the current answer attempts to find how much bicarb is needed for the pH to be 7, whereas for the NaOH + NaHCO3 reaction, the salt will be basic, meaning, more bicarb will be needed for a neutral pH than just what is required to complete the reaction, hence the calculation. Neutralizations withArrhenius acids and basesalways produce water where acidalkali reactions produce water and ametal salt. A saturated solution of sodium bicarbonate is reacted with hydrochloric acid to form carbon dioxide gas. Many of the terms used in this guide have regulatory significance; however, this document refers to their common (not legal) meaning. Used chemical containers can be contaminated and an unexpected and potentially unpleasant Do not use a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide, to neutralize a strong acid like hydrochloric acid. Use MathJax to format equations. Therefore, when sodium bicarbonate is added to a strong acid solution, carbon dioxide gas is emitted, leaving the solution totally neutral. Conduct experiments in a small, closed-off room, with no ventilation or water. The more toxic, corrosive, or flammable a material is, the less likely that the spill can be defined as "simple". Aldehydes Absorb with spill pillow or vermiculite. Jul 3, 2022; . Vinegar and lemon juice can be mixed and swabbed onto the battery and/or spill to neutralize the acid. east bend mx race results. It only needs a liquid to become activated. Both these factors are, in large part, determined by the spill's size. You must have the right personal protective equipment, including, at a minimum, appropriate eye protection, protective gloves, and a lab coat. While sodium carbonate is a weaker base compared to sodium hydroxide (pKa of sodium carbonate is 10.33 compared to 15.7 for sodium hydroxide, according to Wikipedia) it is still basic (For reference, pKa of ammonia is 9.25, pKa of sodium bicarbonate is 6.3). While some hazardous substances have RQs as low as one pound, typical RQs are larger than the amounts found in laboratories. For Hydrofluoric acid (HF) spills: Use Calcium carbonate or Calcium bicarbonate to tightly bind the fluoride ion. For liquid base spills: Use Sodium bicarbonate to lower the pH sufficiently for drain disposal. Absorbent materials, such as cat litter or vermiculite, are relatively inexpensive and work well, although they are messy. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. What is the ratio of the. While few laboratory spills present environmental threats, it is necessary to notify the appropriate authorities if a spill has the potential to cause environmental damage. How do you neutralize a sulfuric acid drain cleaner? Removal of octadecanoic acid from paraffin wax. Pay attention to what you are doing. The reaction of the caustic soda with sulfuric acid produces an aqueous form of sodium sulfate, which is safe to discard. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. For the most part, items in the lab kit are safe for use around children and pets. The third step to take when deciding whether a spill can be managed as a simple spill is to evaluate the potential broader impacts of the spill. I have always learnt that it is amphiprotic and therefore can be used to neutralise BOTH acid AND base spills. Always wear safety goggles, long shirts I suspect that it is for safety reasons. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. So 21200 moles of sodium bicarb is about 1780000 grams or 1780 kilograms. The following steps should be taken during spill cleanup. paying careful attention to the size of containers to avoid overfilling; using pumps or other mechanical devices rather than simply pouring directly into a container; providing spill containment to capture any leaks; and. Such spills can cause damage and inconvenience, even if they do not present environmental or health risks. When used for this purpose, it is said to belong to the group of medicines called antacids. In order to assess a spill's risks and to obtain advice on cleanup procedures, it always helps to solicit the advice of others. Adding sodium hydroxide raises the pH: the pH has to be intermediate between that of the baking soda and NaOH. Other factors that may magnify a spill's impact and require emergency response are. For complete neutralization to take place, both excess $\ce{H+}$ and excess $\ce{OH-}$ ions need to completely react with each other, so: $$K_a\;(V_A+V_B)=\frac{(C_{Bo}V_B)^2}{C_{Ao}V_A-C_{Bo}V_B}$$. The concentration of hydrogen ions (H +) in a solution is a chemical property referred to as pH. dallas newspaper obituaries; equus electric water temperature gauge installation. HOL Science kits. Neutralize acid spills using sodium bicarbonate. As to the question at hand, the reaction of sodium bicarbonate with sodium hydroxide would produce water and sodium carbonate as pointed out by commenter Poutnik. A chemical spill in an area where its potential risks are magnified by specific situations (such as physical situations or the presence of a large number of people) should not be managed as a simple spill. For oil spills: Use ground corn cobs (SlikQwik), vermiculite, or absorbent clay (kitty litter). What are the examples of pelagic organisms? HCl + NaOH NaCl + H 2 O. Hydrochloric acid reacts with sodium hydroxide on the 1:1 basis. Put on safety goggles, an acid-resistant apron and rubber gloves. To finalize the 2021-22, CWV-101 T3 Consequences of the Fall Contemporary Response Worksheet 100%, Summary Give Me Liberty! What are the physical state of oxygen at room temperature? Post a warning sign outside of the lab to inform of the spill and keep untrained personnel out. [1] The resultant pH will vary based on the strength of the acid and base reactants. My Blog neutralize acid spills using sodium bicarbonate true or false equipment. Closely review your work. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Aliphatic Amines The activities of the Laboratory Waste Management Task Force fall under the purview of the ACS Committees on Environmental Improvement and Chemical Safety. According to the video, why should a used chemical container never be refilled? Powder form incorporates a buffer, solidifiers and color indicator (powder form ph indicator) to show when neutralizing is complete. 2, Neutralize acid spills using sodium MathJax reference. Just grab some from your kitchen and mix it into the acid for the neutralization reaction to take place. For them, baking soda makes the blood less acid, which slows the progression of kidney disease. Do not return chemicals to their containers after they have been dispensed to prevent neutralizing agents for acids such as sodium bicarbonate or sodium carbonate. It usually takes large amounts to neutralize an acid or base, especially if its concentrated. Spills of most liquid acids or bases, once neutralized, can be mopped up and rinsed down the drain (to the sanitary sewer). 4 How do you neutralize a sulfuric acid drain cleaner? A spill prevention program for storage areas should include the following: To minimize spills during transport, a laboratory should integrate the following: For the transfer of liquids from one container to another, the risk of spills can be reduced by. Categorize each statement as true or false. (b) Calculate the molar concentration of the hydrochloric acid . For most acqueous solutions: Use ground . Instant feedback tells you whether you're right or wrong and helps you learn quickly by explaining why . You can take the quizzes in both practice mode and quiz mode. Common examples of spill-causing incidents and associated prevention techniques are shown in Table B-1. List the potential chronic health effects. the training and experience of laboratory personnel. reaction can occur. Promptly place cleanup wastes in an appropriate hazardous waste receptacle. A large-quantity release that threatens the environment is not a simple spill, but requires the attention of trained responders. questions. Neutralizing agents include sodium bicarbonate, 8-15% solution, or water. concentrated acids can cause serious burns. You will NOT be able to change your answers in the The neutralization reaction with sodium hydroxide has 3 to 1 stoichiometry as illustrated by the balanced complete neutralization equation. 1000 gal = 3785.4118 L according to Google. The most effective way to neutralize sulfuric battery acid is by using sodium bicarbonate (or baking soda). Pour neutralizing agent over the spill depending on whether it is an acid or base. What is $\Delta n$ and what chemicals are subscript $C, D$ and $A$? Too much baking soda causes cakes to brown and may leave a weird taste. Reading this guide will help you, the laboratory worker, have fewer spills. Dela: do devaronian horns grow back Dela p WhatsApp; huskilson's funeral home yarmouth obituaries Dela p FaceBook; skyrizi commercial actress name . A simple spill is defined as one that. It is alkaline and commonly used in recipes that mix moisture plus an acidic ingredient (such as lemon juice, chocolate, buttermilk or honey) together to make batter rise. ChemLuminary Awards Disconnect between goals and daily tasksIs it me, or the industry? exposed to heat source. Just grab some from your kitchen and mix it into the acid for the neutralization reaction to take place. It is a base or alkaline, therefore an important opponent of acids. amounts as long as the Prevent the spread of dusts and vapors. Contact your environmental health and safety officer for guidance in packaging and labeling cleanup residues. For this remedy, add 1/2 teaspoon of baking soda to 4 ounces of warm water and drink. Understanding this guide requires a basic level of chemical knowledge and training. Buttermilk can also be used to counter the pungent taste of baking soda. In general, simple spill thresholds for liquids will be lower than the thresholds for solids. Similarly, storing chemicals and supplies so that they will not be touched by leaking water will minimize damage and inconvenience. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. How do you neutralize sulfuric acid at home? While both products appear similar, theyre certainly not the same. NOTE: Hydrofluoric acid is an exception to the general practice, see below. Neutralize the acid by mixing a solution of 1/4 cup baking soda per quart of water and pouring it down the drain. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. The reactions are as follows: Base spills: H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O Why are Suriname, Belize, and Guinea-Bissau classified as "Small Island Developing States"? 1. Get a container of water and slowly mix in the base. For most acqueous solutions: Use ground . What are your thoughts on this, what calculations would you make for a neutral pH? Organizational affiliations are listed for identification purposes only. By clicking Post Your Answer, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14. A carbonate is negatively charged and contains a carbon bonded to three oxygen atoms. ventilation. purchase and/or use of a science HOL Science kit or any other science products or off room, with no ventilation or water. If substitutes are not available, use trays or other equipment to provide spill containment. The author(s) of HOL Science content, the instructors and Breaking a container or a piece of experimental apparatus. Paper towels and water are a good substitute for a spill containment kit. Wait until bubbling/fizzing has stopped 3. sodium bicarbonate. How to Use Vinegar as an Air Freshener. What happens when sulfuric acid is mixed with soda? This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Baking soda is a good treatment for immediate relief from occasional acid reflux. Further, this guide is designed only to prepare laboratory workers for spill cleanup. minimizing contact by not walking through areas of obvious contamination. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Virtually all common laboratory chemicals are on this hazardous substance list. Show your work. Bicarbonate is an electrolyte, a negatively charged ion that is used by the body to help maintain the bodys acid-base (pH) balance. Chalk (calcium carbonate) has been chewed for centuries to provide some relief and is still popular. Additional packaging may be required before the wastes can be transported from your laboratory. and pants, closed-toe shoes, and gloves Reacted with acids stronger than carbonic acid, both produce the same salt. If that doesnt work, you may need to call a professional. Neutralizations with Arrhenius acids and bases always produce water where acid-alkali reactions produce water and a metal salt. Neutralize acid spills using sodium bicarbonate. If a special mercury vacuum is not available, first use an appropriate suction device to collect the big droplets, then use a special absorbent (available from most laboratory supply vendors) to amalgamate smaller mercury droplets. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". report, click Submit Your Data below. After cleaning up a spill, a simple write-up should be prepared to document what happened, why, what was done, and what was learned. Kathleen A. Ream, Susan M. Turner, and Suzanne M. Baker also provided editorial review. Neutralize acid spills using sodium bicarbonate. basic). The equilibrium expression in terms of moles after mixing both solutions is: $$K_n=K_a\;(V_A+V_B)=\frac{x^2}{C_{Ao}V_A-x}$$. And more than just that, carbonic acid is an unstable acid, which means it easily decomposes into water and carbon dioxide. Planning to prevent damage from incidents should include the protection of instruments that might be harmed by water. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. 3. Review the entire page to ensure your work is accurate and nothing is missing. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Examine all uses of mercury to see if substitutes are available. For Hydrofluoric acid (HF) spills: Use Calcium carbonate or Calcium bicarbonate to tightly bind the fluoride ion. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. Science - authorize the use of these educational products only on the express condition that Water is frequently, but not necessarily, produced as well. materials provided by Hands-On Labs, INC. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. Even a small spill can result in a harmful exposure to you or others or can result in hazards that are not obvious; therefore, notification of regulatory officials may be required. As an example, when hydrochloric acid (HCl) reacts with sodium hydroxide (NaOH), it produces table salt or sodium chloride (NaCl) and water: HCl + NaOH . However, be careful because the neutralization process is often vigorous, causing splashes and yielding large amounts of heat. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Sodium bicarbonate, commonly known as baking soda, is secreted in the pancreas to help aid in digestion. The reaction of acids with sodium bicarbonate is a common method for neutralizing acid spills. Baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) Baking soda can quickly neutralize stomach acid and relieve indigestion, bloating, and gas after eating. This will also neutralize the acid. d. Record the flammability of the product. While this guide is oriented to spill response, spill prevention methods are included as Appendix B. Do not use a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide, to neutralize a strong acid like hydrochloric acid. Factors that may complicate a cleanup effort (such as the unique characteristics of a spill's surroundings or the restricted access to a spill) must be determined on a case-by-case basis. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Originally posted by: thescreensavers Edit: I got another question that's bugging me Q #2 - In the lab, acid spills are often neutralized by adding sodium bicarbonate, What mass of Sodium Bicarbonate reacts with 225ml of 6.00 M HCL 3H+(aq)+3NaHCO3(s) ---> 3H20 + 3CO2(g)+3Na+(aq) 1:1 ratio, if I balanced it correctly Why can NaHCO3 be used to neutralise an acid? Find a chemistry community of interest and connect on a local and global level. Such spills may be considered "simple" only if physical damage or environmental factors are absent. According to this document on lab safety (http://faculty.washington.edu/korshin/Class-486/AEESP-safety-notes.pdf), it says to not use $\ce{NaHCO3}$ to neutralise specifically base spills, stating "Do not use acetic acid or When neutralized UNS will color indicate when a safe PH range has been reached.Also available in Complete Spill Response Kitsfor plant operations personnel as part of the overall spill contingency planning for your operations. For example, the reaction of sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid. To determine whether a spill is simple or complex (which is often the hardest part of spill response), you need to know (1) the hazard(s) posed by the spilled chemical and (2) the spill's potential impact. the possibility that hazardous vapors or dusts might enter the building's ventilation system (and be distributed to other areas); the possibility that spilled liquids might flow into other areas, thus expanding the threat of harm (such as reaching ignition sources, exposing other people, damaging delicate equipment); the proximity of classrooms or offices containing people who could be harmed by the spill's consequences; and. It is likely to hover around a pH of 7, but this varies depending on the strength of the acid and the base. Experimental plans should only involve chemicals that are actually needed for the desired results. gene barry daughter. Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. contamination. Answer: The question is partially wrong. Since acetone is highly flammable and volatile, this situation would be immediately dangerous to both human health and property, and cleanup should be handled by an emergency responder. This guide is NOT a regulatory compliance manual. Add sodium bicarbonate or magnesium oxide to any absorbent and place in a plastic container for disposal. To neutralize them, use a weak base. Add absorbents to the spill, working from the spill's outer edges toward the center. Therefore, it is recommended to use baking soda to neutralize the acid spill. Did this satellite streak past the Hubble Space Telescope so close that it was out of focus? An easy to use white crystalline powdery product and similar characteristics as Soda Ash. When dissolved in water, sodium carbonate forms carbonic acid and sodium hydroxide. Decontamination is the process of physically removing or neutralizing contaminants that have accumulated on personnel and equipment; the last step of spill cleanup. protective equipment, and health effects. In order to calculate how much sodium hydroxide to use, we need to know the molarity of the hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide. neutralize acid spills using sodium bicarbonate true or false. source. Step 1: Sprinkle baking soda over both battery terminals. The Maillard reaction speeds up under basic conditions (like when you add to a recipe a lot of baking soda, which is alkaline, i.e. In the case of an acid/base reaction, this is simply not true. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Note that special absorbents are required for chemicals such as hydrofluoric and concentrated sulfuric acids. Consequently, if metallic mercury is not cleaned up adequately, the tiny droplets remaining in surface cracks and crevices may yield toxic vapors for years. Sodium bicarbonate gets rid of 1 proton per molecule of sodium bicarb. Some laboratory spills require outside assistance because of the spill's size or its unusual hazards. In short use weaker bases to neutralize the acid as neutralization is an exothermic reaction and it produces heat, which can harm the person. Be sure to place descriptive labels on each container. I just represented the reaction: $\ce{HCO3- <=>H+ +CO3^{2-}}$ as: $$\ce{A<=>C + D}$$ $\Delta n$ is the difference between the sum of product molar coefficients and reactant molar coefficients of the reaction: $$\Delta n=c+d-a=1+1-1=1$$, Thanks got it and finally, where does $K_n=\frac{x^2}{C_aoV_a-x}$ come from? Acids, inorganic Apply sodium bicarbonate/Calcium Oxide or sodium carbonate/calcium oxide. Do not use water. neutralize acid spills using sodium bicarbonate true or false. Planning with Local Emergency Responders. Skin: severe burns and ulceration Periodically review and update these procedures to ensure that all laboratory workers are familiar with the current information. Are they contaminated? Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Related Article: Hazardous Spill Protection. NaOH + NaHCO3 -> Na2CO3 + H2O, with sodium carbonate being still caustic, even if less than NaOH. Inhalation: Severe irritation to the respiratory tract with symptoms like sore throat, coughing, SOB, g. List the personal protection when working with the chemical. Mixing baking soda, or NaHCO3, with hydrochloric acid, or HCl, results in table salt, NaCl, as well as water, H2O, and carbon dioxide, CO2. the hazardous characteristics of the spilled chemical(s). Spill response procedures should include elements such as. Otherwise, for acid spills, neutralize them with sodium bicarbonate. the training of the laboratory's personnel. Laboratory spills can occur during a chemical's storage, transportation, or transfer, as well as in the actual experiment. How does sulfuric acid neutralize one mole of lime? It will also help you plan for an appropriate response when spills do occur. It also works with the other electrolytes (sodium, potassium, and chloride) to maintain electrical neutrality at the cellular level. Copyright 2023 StudeerSnel B.V., Keizersgracht 424, 1016 GC Amsterdam, KVK: 56829787, BTW: NL852321363B01, https://myhol.holscience.com/instances/8102#/experimentation/106209/final, experimentation section once you click Submit Y. Use appropriate absorbent material to control the extent of the spill. Wash the spill site with a sodium bicarbonate solution. Short story taking place on a toroidal planet or moon involving flying. 1. Which organisms are the pelagic organisms? Distilled water, fresh flowers, chicken Tightly woven fabric used to smother and extinguish a fire Fire blanket Consists of absorbent material that can be ringed around a chemical spill until the spill can be neutralized Spill containment kit Secure containers and equipment to minimize the possibility of tipping. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. . bicarbonate. 5. FEEDBACK Available in concentrations ranging from 10% to 98% sulfuric is also the least expensive acid to use as a neutralizing agent. Also provide acid spills can be neutralized by adding baking soda. Not for use with Hydrofluoric or HF Compounds. What type of infection is pelvic inflammatory disease? Releases of flammable chemicals (liquid or solid) can present significant fire and explosion risks when one or more of the following is present: Toxic vapors and dust are also hazardous. Sulfuric Acid H2SO4: The most widely used and produced chemical in the world. Sodium bicarbonate is generally safe and nontoxic. The most basic way is to use one part baking soda and two parts cream of tartar to create baking powder. 2, both call the Poison Control Center and seek a physician 2. This quantity depends on situational factors such as. Additional products and solutions are available. Can baking soda damage your kidneys? neutralize acid spills using sodium bicarbonate true or falsecombination mark logo maker. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. FEEDBACK Sulfuric acid has been disposed of by being placed in sealed containers and by being absorbed in vermiculite, dry sand, or earth. a listing of appropriate protective clothing, safety equipment, and cleanup materials required for spill cleanup (gloves, respirators, etc.) However, Sam202's calculation assumes that there is no driving force that would shift the equilibrium towards one side or the other. Douse the entire affected area with the baking soda (sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3) to neutralize the acid. Is vinegar a neutralizer? If you cannot take it off, make a paste of water and baking soda (NaHCO3) and apply it to the area with the spill. As a strong base, sodium hydroxide neutralizes gastric acid thereby acting as an antacid. Acid spills can be neutralized by adding _____. Home; Case Studies; Services. Collect and contain the cleanup residues. When neutralization of acid occurs, it is coupled with a base to produce salt and water. wearing disposable outer garments during cleanup. Technical Divisions For spills of strong bases, such as sodium hydroxide, it must be neutralized with sulfuric or hydrochloric acid.