Find the instantaneous rate of I couldn't figure out this problem because I couldn't find the range in Time and Molarity. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us
[email protected] check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. { "14.01:_Prelude" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.
b__1]()", "14.02:_Rates_of_Chemical_Reactions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "14.03:_Reaction_Conditions_and_Rate" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "14.04:_Effect_of_Concentration_on_Reaction_Rate" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "14.05:_Integrated_Rate_Law" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "14.06:_Microscopic_View_of_Reaction_Rates" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "14.07:_Reaction_Mechanisms" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "01:General_Information" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "10:_Review" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "11:_Intermolecular_Forces_and_Liquids" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "12:_Solids" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13:_Solutions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "14:_Rates_of_Chemical_Reactions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "15:_Equilibria" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "16:_Acids_and_Bases" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "17:_Aqueous_Equilibria" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "18:_Entropy_and_Free_Energy" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "19:_Electron_Transfer_Reactions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "20:_Coordination_Chemistry" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21:_Nuclear_Chemistry" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "Appendix_1:_Google_Sheets" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, [ "article:topic", "rate equation", "authorname:belfordr", "hypothesis:yes", "showtoc:yes", "license:ccbyncsa", "licenseversion:40" ], https://chem.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FCourses%2FUniversity_of_Arkansas_Little_Rock%2FChem_1403%253A_General_Chemistry_2%2FText%2F14%253A_Rates_of_Chemical_Reactions%2F14.02%253A_Rates_of_Chemical_Reactions, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), Tangents to the product curve at 10 and 40 seconds, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? of dinitrogen pentoxide. To get reasonable times, a diluted version of the sodium thiosulphate solution must be used. Like the instantaneous rate mentioned above, the initial rate can be obtained either experimentally or graphically. As the reaction progresses, the curvature of the graph increases. Direct link to yuki's post Great question! Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. So, NO2 forms at four times the rate of O2. The rate of disappearance will simply be minus the rate of appearance, so the signs of the contributions will be the opposite. The Y-axis (50 to 0 molecules) is not realistic, and a more common system would be the molarity (number of molecules expressed as moles inside of a container with a known volume). Consider a simple example of an initial rate experiment in which a gas is produced. So that would give me, right, that gives me 9.0 x 10 to the -6. Legal. Contents [ show] Example \(\PageIndex{1}\): The course of the reaction. It would have been better to use graph paper with a higher grid density that would have allowed us to exactly pick points where the line intersects with the grid lines. If a reaction takes less time to complete, then it's a fast reaction. How to calculate rate of reaction | Math Preparation However, using this formula, the rate of disappearance cannot be negative. Jessica Lin, Brenda Mai, Elizabeth Sproat, Nyssa Spector, Joslyn Wood. However, it is relatively easy to measure the concentration of sodium hydroxide at any one time by performing a titration with a standard acid: for example, with hydrochloric acid of a known concentration. You should also note that from figure \(\PageIndex{1}\) that the initial rate is the highest and as the reaction approaches completion the rate goes to zero because no more reactants are being consumed or products are produced, that is, the line becomes a horizontal flat line. So that's our average rate of reaction from time is equal to 0 to time is equal to 2 seconds. rate of disappearance of A \[\text{rate}=-\dfrac{\Delta[A]}{\Delta{t}} \nonumber \], rate of disappearance of B \[\text{rate}=-\dfrac{\Delta[B]}{\Delta{t}} \nonumber\], rate of formation of C \[\text{rate}=\dfrac{\Delta[C]}{\Delta{t}}\nonumber\], rate of formation of D) \[\text{rate}=\dfrac{\Delta[D]}{\Delta{t}}\nonumber\], The value of the rate of consumption of A is a negative number (A, Since A\(\rightarrow\)B, the curve for the production of B is symmetric to the consumption of A, except that the value of the rate is positive (A. Solved Please help for Part C. How do I calculate the | Chegg.com rev2023.3.3.43278. What is disappearance rate? - KnowledgeBurrow.com 2023 Brightstorm, Inc. All Rights Reserved. However, using this formula, the rate of disappearance cannot be negative. Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us [email protected] check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. How do you calculate the average rate of a reaction? | Socratic 5.0 x 10-5 M/s) (ans.5.0 x 10-5M/s) Use your answer above to show how you would calculate the average rate of appearance of C. SAM AM 29 . So, over here we had a 2 Even though the concentrations of A, B, C and D may all change at different rates, there is only one average rate of reaction. talking about the change in the concentration of nitrogen dioxide over the change in time, to get the rate to be the same, we'd have to multiply this by one fourth. (e) A is a reactant that is being used up therefore its rate of formation is negative (f) -r B is the rate of disappearance of B Summary. At this point the resulting solution is titrated with standard sodium hydroxide solution to determine how much hydrochloric acid is left over in the mixture. We How do you calculate the rate of a reaction from a graph? So if we're starting with the rate of formation of oxygen, because our mole ratio is one to two here, we need to multiply this by 2, and since we're losing That's the final time The instantaneous rate of reaction, on the other hand, depicts a more accurate value. (a) Average Rate of disappearance of H2O2 during the first 1000 minutes: (Set up your calculation and give answer. I have H2 over N2, because I want those units to cancel out. So we get a positive value Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience. So the rate of our reaction is equal to, well, we could just say it's equal to the appearance of oxygen, right. We shall see that the rate is a function of the concentration, but it does not always decrease over time like it did in this example. Calculate, the rate of disappearance of H 2, rate of formation of NH 3 and rate of the overall reaction. The rate of reaction can be observed by watching the disappearance of a reactant or the appearance of a product over time. If the rate of appearance of O2, [O2 ] /T, is 60. x 10 -5 M/s at a particular instant, what is the value of the rate of disappearance of O 3 , [O 3 ] / T, at this same time? in the concentration of A over the change in time, but we need to make sure to Find the instantaneous rate of Solve Now. The solution with 40 cm3 of sodium thiosulphate solution plus 10 cm3 of water has a concentration which is 80% of the original, for example. Is the rate of disappearance the derivative of the concentration of the reactant divided by its coefficient in the reaction, or is it simply the derivative? A reaction rate can be reported quite differently depending on which product or reagent selected to be monitored. So the concentration of chemical "A" is denoted as: \[ \left [ \textbf{A} \right ] \\ \text{with units of}\frac{mols}{l} \text{ forthe chemical species "A"} \], \[R_A= \frac{\Delta \left [ \textbf{A} \right ]}{\Delta t} \]. Direct link to Sarthak's post Firstly, should we take t, Posted 6 years ago. Why not use absolute value instead of multiplying a negative number by negative? \[ R_{B, t=10}= \;\frac{0.5-0.1}{24-0}=20mMs^{-1} \\ \; \\R_{B, t=40}= \;\frac{0.5-0.4}{50-0}=2mMs^{-1} \nonumber\]. What is the formula for calculating the rate of disappearance? This gives no useful information. This is the answer I found on chem.libretexts.org: Why the rate of O2 produce considered as the rate of reaction ? Why is the rate of disappearance negative? - Chemistry Stack Exchange Then plot ln (k) vs. 1/T to determine the rate of reaction at various temperatures. This could be the time required for 5 cm3 of gas to be produced, for a small, measurable amount of precipitate to form, or for a dramatic color change to occur. Measure or calculate the outside circumference of the pipe. However, the method remains the same. 2.5: Reaction Rate - Chemistry LibreTexts All right, finally, let's think about, let's think about dinitrogen pentoxide. How do I solve questions pertaining to rate of disappearance and Direct link to Shivam Chandrayan's post The rate of reaction is e, Posted 8 years ago. This process is repeated for a range of concentrations of the substance of interest. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. Rather than performing a whole set of initial rate experiments, one can gather information about orders of reaction by following a particular reaction from start to finish. One is called the average rate of reaction, often denoted by ([conc.] The ratio is 1:3 and so since H2 is a reactant, it gets used up so I write a negative. for the rate of reaction. 4 4 Experiment [A] (M) [B . Direct link to tamknatfarooq's post why we chose O2 in determ, Posted 8 years ago. So the final concentration is 0.02. the calculation, right, we get a positive value for the rate. An instantaneous rate is a differential rate: -d[reactant]/dt or d[product]/dt. I suppose I need the triangle's to figure it out but I don't know how to aquire them. of reaction is defined as a positive quantity. Direct link to Apoorva Mathur's post the extent of reaction is, Posted a year ago. Answer 2: The formula for calculating the rate of disappearance is: Rate of Disappearance = Amount of Substance Disappeared/Time Passed I just don't understand how they got it. Since 2 is greater, then you just double it so that's how you get 20 Molars per second from the 10.You can use the equation up above and it will still work and you'll get the same answers, where you'll be solving for this part, for the concentration A. Worked example: Determining a rate law using initial rates data If possible (and it is possible in this case) it is better to stop the reaction completely before titrating. This means that the concentration of hydrogen peroxide remaining in the solution must be determined for each volume of oxygen recorded. So, the Rate is equal to the change in the concentration of our product, that's final concentration So, we write in here 0.02, and from that we subtract Yes, when we are dealing with rate to rate conversion across a reaction, we can treat it like stoichiometry. By convention we say reactants are on the left side of the chemical equation and products on the right, \[\text{Reactants} \rightarrow \text{Products}\]. So we need a negative sign. Again, the time it takes for the same volume of gas to evolve is measured, and the initial stage of the reaction is studied. the concentration of A. It should be clear from the graph that the rate decreases. We need to put a negative sign in here because a negative sign gives us a positive value for the rate. The slope of the graph is equal to the order of reaction. U.C.BerkeleyM.Ed.,San Francisco State Univ. These approaches must be considered separately. This might be a reaction between a metal and an acid, for example, or the catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. - the rate of disappearance of Br2 is half the rate of appearance of NOBr. Direct link to _Q's post Yeah, I wondered that too. So for, I could express my rate, if I want to express my rate in terms of the disappearance Firstly, should we take the rate of reaction only be the rate of disappearance/appearance of the product/reactant with stoichiometric coeff. Well notice how this is a product, so this we'll just automatically put a positive here. Include units) rate= -CHO] - [HO e ] a 1000 min-Omin tooo - to (b) Average Rate of appearance of . )%2F14%253A_Chemical_Kinetics%2F14.02%253A_Measuring_Reaction_Rates, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), By monitoring the depletion of reactant over time, or, 14.3: Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rates: The Rate Law, status page at https://status.libretexts.org, By monitoring the formation of product over time. Is rate of disappearance and rate of appearance the same? If this is not possible, the experimenter can find the initial rate graphically. So since it's a reactant, I always take a negative in front and then I'll use -10 molars per second. I need to get rid of the negative sign because rates of reaction are defined as a positive quantity. What am I doing wrong here in the PlotLegends specification? All rates are converted to log(rate), and all the concentrations to log(concentration). We have emphasized the importance of taking the sign of the reaction into account to get a positive reaction rate. Everything else is exactly as before. Recovering from a blunder I made while emailing a professor. As you've noticed, keeping track of the signs when talking about rates of reaction is inconvenient. So, now we get 0.02 divided by 2, which of course is 0.01 molar per second. A known volume of sodium thiosulphate solution is placed in a flask. Say for example, if we have the reaction of N2 gas plus H2 gas, yields NH3. of the reagents or products involved in the reaction by using the above methods. I'll use my moles ratio, so I have my three here and 1 here. Joshua Halpern, Scott Sinex, Scott Johnson. Either would render results meaningless. The problem with this approach is that the reaction is still proceeding in the time required for the titration. It should also be mentioned thatin thegas phasewe often use partial pressure (PA), but for now will stick to M/time. the extent of reaction is a quantity that measures the extent in which the reaction proceeds. PDF Experiment 6: Chemical Kinetics - Colby College A rate law shows how the rate of a chemical reaction depends on reactant concentration. 2 over 3 and then I do the Math, and then I end up with 20 Molars per second for the NH3.Yeah you might wonder, hey where did the negative sign go? This technique is known as a back titration. Direct link to Omar Yassin's post Am I always supposed to m, Posted 6 years ago. What is the correct way to screw wall and ceiling drywalls? How to calculate instantaneous rate of disappearance For example, the graph below shows the volume of carbon dioxide released over time in a chemical reaction. The change of concentration in a system can generally be acquired in two ways: It does not matter whether an experimenter monitors the reagents or products because there is no effect on the overall reaction. Rates of Appearance, Rates of Disappearance and Overall - YouTube Then divide that amount by pi, usually rounded to 3.1415. And let's say that oxygen forms at a rate of 9 x 10 to the -6 M/s. Bulk update symbol size units from mm to map units in rule-based symbology. { "14.01:_The_Rate_of_a_Chemical_Reaction" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "14.02:_Measuring_Reaction_Rates" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "14.03:_Effect_of_Concentration_on_Reaction_Rates:_The_Rate_Law" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "14.04:_Zero-Order_Reactions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "14.05:_First-Order_Reactions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "14.06:_Second-Order_Reactions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "14.07:_Reaction_Kinetics:_A_Summary" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "14.08:_Theoretical_Models_for_Chemical_Kinetics" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "14.09:_The_Effect_of_Temperature_on_Reaction_Rates" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "14.10:_Reaction_Mechanisms" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "14.11:_Catalysis" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "14.E:_Exercises" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "01:_Matter-_Its_Properties_And_Measurement" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "02:_Atoms_and_The_Atomic_Theory" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "03:_Chemical_Compounds" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "04:_Chemical_Reactions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "05:_Introduction_To_Reactions_In_Aqueous_Solutions" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "06:_Gases" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "07:_Thermochemistry" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "08:_Electrons_in_Atoms" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "09:_The_Periodic_Table_and_Some_Atomic_Properties" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "10:_Chemical_Bonding_I:_Basic_Concepts" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "11:_Chemical_Bonding_II:_Additional_Aspects" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "12:_Intermolecular_Forces:_Liquids_And_Solids" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "13:_Solutions_and_their_Physical_Properties" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "14:_Chemical_Kinetics" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "15:_Principles_of_Chemical_Equilibrium" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "16:_Acids_and_Bases" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "17:_Additional_Aspects_of_Acid-Base_Equilibria" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "18:_Solubility_and_Complex-Ion_Equilibria" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "19:_Spontaneous_Change:_Entropy_and_Gibbs_Energy" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "20:_Electrochemistry" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "21:_Chemistry_of_The_Main-Group_Elements_I" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "22:_Chemistry_of_The_Main-Group_Elements_II" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "23:_The_Transition_Elements" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "24:_Complex_Ions_and_Coordination_Compounds" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "25:_Nuclear_Chemistry" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "26:_Structure_of_Organic_Compounds" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "27:_Reactions_of_Organic_Compounds" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "28:_Chemistry_of_The_Living_State" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass228_0.b__1]()" }, [ "article:topic", "showtoc:no", "license:ccbyncsa", "licenseversion:40" ], https://chem.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fchem.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FGeneral_Chemistry%2FMap%253A_General_Chemistry_(Petrucci_et_al.