This is an example of, Vince has always believed children deserve the best prenatal care available. The driver was making a situational attribution; the officer was making a dispositional attribution. The part of a person's self-concept that is based on his or her identification with a nation, culture, or ethnic group or with gender or other roles in society is called. // adblocker detected What similar but opposite statement appears in Hoffer's book The True Believer ? Gerard goes to his job interview dressed in patched blue jeans, a torn t-shirt, and sandals. 2. Five Ss (three in the One Dollar and two in the Twenty Dollar condition) indicated in the interview that they were suspicious about having been paid to tell the girl the experiment was fun and suspected that that was the real purpose of the experiment. And lastly, participants were asked whether they would want to participate again in the future in a study the same as this, using the scale -5 to +5. xref It enabled us to measure the opinions of our Ss in a context not directly connected with our experiment and in which we could reasonably expect frank and honest expressions of opinion. When they were asked to lie about how they truly feel about the task, they force themselves to feel what they were induced to feel and express. /L 680077 Which of the following has been shown to be true concerning the "teachers" in Milgram's experiment? Michigan Academician, 1, 3-12. //document.getElementById('maincontent').style.display = 'none'; Studies have found the degree of conformity to be greater in_______ cultures. endobj A woman argues that it is morally wrong to kill animals for food becomes upset when she is asked to explain why she is wearing a leather belt and leather shoes. The said images can be a reference to physical reality or in comparison to other people. If an environmental group is trying to persuade the public to join its cause, it needs to focus on the, When someone who thinks they're smart does something they think is stupid, it causes, In Festinger and Carlsmith's study, the students who were only paid $1 for doing a very boring task, convinced themselves that the task was interesting, Karen is late for work, and her co-worker, Jeff, assumes it is because she is careless and lazy. If you want to dislike someone, do them wrong. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Martha doesn't want her young son to touch the heating stove. As the E and the S started to walk to the office where the interviewer was, the E said: "Thanks very much for working on those tasks for us. ] Sandy was using_______ processing. Cindy formed her attitude about peas through the process of, A person tries to change the belief, opinion, or course of action of another person through, People can reduce cognitive dissonance by, forming new cognitions to justify their behavior, Justin walks into the morning meeting 15 minutes late. _______ occurs when a person fails to take responsibility for actions or for inaction because of the presence of other people who are seen to share the responsibility. xc```c``Ab,@rb0Sb3``!`m@y"f@00]`ah|GC "$ 109 0 obj
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Do a site-specific Google search using the box below. Rating scale 0 to 10. After performing the tasks, each of the subjects was then interviewed regarding how enjoyable the tasks were to him. 0000000868 00000 n Based on experiments by Festinger and Carlsmith, the idea that people are motivated to have consistent attitudes and behaviors. Instead the opposite happened. that the participants who were paid $20 would experience less Kerry's positive attitude toward China, even though she has never been there, seems to be related to the fact that her mother is Chinese and talks about China all the time with Kerry. So they did not have to change their true attitudes. The girl, an undergraduate hired for this role, said little until the S made some positive remarks about the experiment and then said that she was surprised because a friend of hers had taken the experiment the week before and had told her that it was boring and that she ought to try to get out of it. The interview consisted of four questions, on each of which the S was first encouraged to talk about the matter and was then asked to rate his opinion or reaction on an 11-point scale. From this point on, the procedure for all three conditions was once more identical. The subjects were then again interviewed afterwards and were asked to rate four different areas of the experiment. When it is his turn to speak, he voices an opinion more in keeping with the previous speakers. First published in Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. %%EOF
Please select the correct language below. anything important? After the half hour on the second task was over, the E conspicuously set the stop watch back to zero, put it away, pushed his chair back, lit a cigarette, and said: Up to this point the procedure was identical for Ss in all conditions. We weren't able to detect the audio language on your flashcards. From this point on, as the promised rewards or threatened punishment become larger, the magnitude of dissonance becomes smaller. (Goleman, 1991) In the process, people look at the images portrayed by others as something obtainable and realistic, and subsequently, make comparisons among themselves, others and the idealized images.
Social Psychology 309 Multiple Choice for Final Exam - Quizlet if( window.canRunAds === undefined ){ 2. conformed to the group answer about one-third of the time. How could they explain their own behavior to themselves? Kenneth Boulding, an economist and past president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, described a pattern that relates to cognitive dissonance. The more you see someone, the more likely you are to _____ that person. [p. 208] In the Twenty Dollar condition, where less dissonance was created experimentally because of the greater importance of the consonant relations, there is correspondingly less evidence of dissonance reduction. The reason for doing it, theoretically, was to make it easier for anyone who wanted to persuade himself that the tasks had been, indeed, enjoyable. They were instructed to put spools onto and off the try with only one hand for half an hour, and then turn 48 square pegs clockwise for the next half hour. What social psychological phenomenon might the teacher be concerned about? Changes in attitude toward a specific, context-dependent topic, such as enjoyment of the mundane task in the experiment described above (Festinger & Carlsmith, 1959) Information seeking following a change in usual behavior (Engel, 1963) Lilly's mother always listens to the classic rock station on her car radio, so Lilly has grown up hearing that music and noticing how much her mother enjoys it. endobj Most Ss responded by saying something like "Oh, no, it's really very interesting. Therefore the person's attitude changes. Half of them were offered $1 to do it, and half of them were offered $20. Ben Franklin gave some peculiar advice that makes sense in the context of cognitive dissonance theory. (1957) Attitude change through reward of verbal behavior. _________ has been linked to higher levels of aggression. The E then removed the tray and spools and placed in front of the S a board containing 48 square pegs. The major results of the experiment are summarized in Table 1 which lists, separately for each of the three experimental conditions, the average rating which the Ss gave at the end of each question on the interview. Invulnerability, where members of a group feel they can do no wrong, is a characteristic of, Gene keeps Roger's cat while Roger is out of town. You don't need our permission to copy the article; just include a link/reference back to this page. ---------------------References:
Stats 4: Comparing Two or More Groups Social Psychology (Chapter 4) Flashcards | Quizlet Intro to Social psy chapter 4 Flashcards | Quizlet C. She knew she had to find something that she was interested in. The participants who were paid only $1 to perform the boring In groupthink, members of the group______. This, however, was unlikely in this experiment because money was used for the reward and it is undoubtedly difficult to convince oneself that one dollar is more than it really is. Participants in the $1 condition experience greater discomfort and agitation when lying about how fun the task was than do participants in the $20 condition. In the Milgram study and several similar studies, between _____ percent of the participants went all the way up to the 450-volt shock level. Selena has just used the, Changing ones behavior due to a direct order of an authority figure is referred to as. Comparison of the effectiveness of improvised versus non-improvised role-playing in producing opinion change. Ashley has practiced her drum routine over and over. They were not paid anything or paid 1 dollar or 20 dollars. The formation of in-groups and out-groups, The effect that people's awareness of the stereotypes associated with their social group has on their behavior is, Strategies for overcoming prejudice include. Cite details from the essay that support your response. Behavior that is intended to hurt or destroy another person is referred to as. Festinger and Carlsmith argued that subjects who were paid onJy $1.00 to lie to another person experienced "cognitive dissonance." According to Festinger (1957), people experience cognitive dissonance when they simultaneously hold two thoughts that are psychologically inconsistent (i.e., thoughts that feel contradictory or incompatible in some . There is perhaps no surer way of infecting ourselves with virulent hatred toward a person than by doing him a grave injustice. } 8LDR#sUFZTE_|@N. As can be readily seen in Table 1, there are only negligible differences among conditions. Deception is the cornerstone of the experiment conceived by Leon Festinger in the year 1959. Generally speaking, the social comparison theory explains how individuals evaluate their opinion and desires by comparing themselves to others. In 1959, Festinger, along with James Carlsmith, tested this theory (Cognitive Dissonance). In 1959, Festinger and his colleague James Carlsmith published an influential study showing that cognitive dissonance can affect behavior in unexpected ways. Leon Festinger's 1957 cognitive dissonance theory suggests that we act to reduce the disharmony, or dissonance, of our conflicting feelings. Recently Festinger (1957) proposed a theory concerning cognitive dissonance from which come a number of derivations about opinion change following forced compliance. What similar but opposite statement appears in Hoffer's book The True Believer ? by meredith_davis9, This means you're free to copy, share and adapt any parts (or all) of the text in the article, as long as you give appropriate credit and provide a link/reference to this page. All experimental Ss in both One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions were asked, after this explanation, to return the money they had [p. 207] been given. endobj After two minutes the E returned, asked the girl to go into the experimental room, thanked the S for talking to the girl, wrote down his phone number to continue the fiction that we might call on him again in the future and then said: "Look, could we check and see if that fellow from introductory psychology wants to talk to you?". Festinger, L. & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959) Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. During a class discussion, he hears the first of several speakers express negative attitudes toward spending tax money on prenatal care for the poor. The concept of aggression as a basic human instinct driving people to destructive acts was part of early_____theory. 0000000609 00000 n After you finish, the experimenter (Carlsmith) explains that the study concerns how expectations affect performance. The participants were interviewed afterwards and were asked to rate the experiment in four areas (Cognitive Dissonance). The behavioral component of prejudice is______. The participants were 71 male students in totality. At the supermarket, a demonstrator gives away free samples of a new pizza. We'll bring you back here when you are done. This hypothetical stress brings the subject to intrinsically believe that the activity is indeed interesting and enjoyable. "Fight acts, not feelings," is the banner of anti-racist social scientists. The Social Comparison Theory was originally proposed by Leon Festinger in 1954. endobj . (1957) Attitude change through reward of verbal behavior. 0000000974 00000 n Michigan Academician, 1, 3-12. 3. "Italian food is the best of the European cuisines.". His refusal to grant them loans is an example of________. Karen is engaging in, The sadistic behavior of the "guards" in Philip Zimbardo's Stanford Prison Study, highlighted the influence that a social role can have on ordinary people, Jim jumped into the ocean to save a drowning man, risking his own life in the process. 4. He found, rather, that a large reward produced less subsequent opinion change than did a smaller reward. Doing so, they started to identify with the arguments and accept them as their own. The data from the other conditions may be viewed, in a sense, as changes from this baseline. Maria agreed only to find out after agreeing that teaching such a course also meant that she would have to attend meetings of the honors professors, go to honors- oriented conventions, and take on special advising duties. Scott himself, in the tradition of old-time behaviorists, interpreted this result as "reinforcement of verbal behavior." Would the subject be willing to do a small favor for the experimenter? They were told that a sample of students would be interviewed after having served as Ss. endobj This works (according to cognitive dissonance theory) because, once the person has put out time and energy to help you, the person must develop an attitude consistent with the behavior.